Simon Willison’s Weblog

S1: The $6 R1 Competitor? Tim Kellogg shares his notes on a new paper, s1: Simple test-time scaling, which describes an inference-scaling model fine-tuned on top of Qwen2.5-32B-Instruct for just $6 - the cost for 26 minutes on 16 NVIDIA H100 GPUs.

Tim highlight the most exciting result:

After sifting their dataset of 56K examples down to just the best 1K, they found that the core 1K is all that's needed to achieve o1-preview performance on a 32B model.

The paper describes a technique called "Budget forcing":

To enforce a minimum, we suppress the generation of the end-of-thinking token delimiter and optionally append the string “Wait” to the model’s current reasoning trace to encourage the model to reflect on its current generation

That's the same trick Theia Vogel described a few weeks ago.

Here's the s1-32B model on Hugging Face. I found a GGUF version of it at brittlewis12/s1-32B-GGUF, which I ran using Ollama like so:

ollama run hf.co/brittlewis12/s1-32B-GGUF:Q4_0

I also found those 1,000 samples on Hugging Face in the simplescaling/s1K data repository there.

I used DuckDB to convert the parquet file to CSV (and turn one VARCHAR[] column into JSON):

COPY (
    SELECT 
      solution,
      question,
      cot_type,
      source_type,
      metadata,
      cot,
      json_array(thinking_trajectories) as thinking_trajectories,
      attempt
    FROM 's1k-00001.parquet'
) TO 'output.csv' (HEADER, DELIMITER ',');

Then I loaded that CSV into sqlite-utils so I could use the convert command to turn a Python data structure into JSON using json.dumps() and eval():

# Load into SQLite
sqlite-utils insert s1k.db s1k output.csv --csv
# Fix that column
sqlite-utils convert s1k.db s1u metadata 'json.dumps(eval(value))' --import json
# Dump that back out to CSV
sqlite-utils rows s1k.db s1k --csv > s1k.csv

Here's that CSV in a Gist, which means I can load it into Datasette Lite.

It really is a tiny amount of training data. It's mostly math and science, but there are also 15 cryptic crossword examples.

# 5th February 2025, 8 pm / ai, datasette, duckdb, datasette-lite, generative-ai, local-llms, llms, qwen, ollama, llm-reasoning

Foursquare Open Source Places: A new foundational dataset for the geospatial community (via) I did not expect this!

[...] we are announcing today the general availability of a foundational open data set, Foursquare Open Source Places ("FSQ OS Places"). This base layer of 100mm+ global places of interest ("POI") includes 22 core attributes (see schema here) that will be updated monthly and available for commercial use under the Apache 2.0 license framework.

The data is available as Parquet files hosted on Amazon S3.

Here's how to list the available files:

aws s3 ls s3://fsq-os-places-us-east-1/release/dt=2024-11-19/places/parquet/

I got back places-00000.snappy.parquet through places-00024.snappy.parquet, each file around 455MB for a total of 10.6GB of data.

I ran duckdb and then used DuckDB's ability to remotely query Parquet on S3 to explore the data a bit more without downloading it to my laptop first:

select count(*) from 's3://fsq-os-places-us-east-1/release/dt=2024-11-19/places/parquet/places-00000.snappy.parquet';

This got back 4,180,424 - that number is similar for each file, suggesting around 104,000,000 records total.

Update: DuckDB can use wildcards in S3 paths (thanks, Paul) so this query provides an exact count:

select count(*) from 's3://fsq-os-places-us-east-1/release/dt=2024-11-19/places/parquet/places-*.snappy.parquet';

That returned 104,511,073 - and Activity Monitor on my Mac confirmed that DuckDB only needed to fetch 1.2MB of data to answer that query.

I ran this query to retrieve 1,000 places from that first file as newline-delimited JSON:

copy (
    select * from 's3://fsq-os-places-us-east-1/release/dt=2024-11-19/places/parquet/places-00000.snappy.parquet'
    limit 1000
) to '/tmp/places.json';

Here's that places.json file, and here it is imported into Datasette Lite.

Finally, I got ChatGPT Code Interpreter to convert that file to GeoJSON and pasted the result into this Gist, giving me a map of those thousand places (because Gists automatically render GeoJSON):

# 20th November 2024, 5:52 am / gis, open-source, foursquare, geojson, parquet, duckdb, datasette-lite, ai-assisted-programming, code-interpreter, coding-agents

MMS Language Coverage in Datasette Lite. I converted the HTML table of 4,021 languages supported by Meta’s new Massively Multilingual Speech models to newline-delimited JSON and loaded it into Datasette Lite. Faceting by Language Family is particularly interesting—the top five families represented are Niger-Congo with 1,019, Austronesian with 609, Sino-Tibetan with 288, Indo-European with 278 and Afro-Asiatic with 222.

# 22nd May 2023, 8:01 pm / facebook, ai, datasette, datasette-lite

Datasette Lite: Loading JSON data (via) I added a new feature to Datasette Lite: you can now pass it the URL to a JSON file (hosted on a CORS-compatible hosting provider such as GitHub or GitHub Gists) and it will load that file into a database table for you. It expects an array of objects, but if your file has an object as the root it will search through it looking for the first key that is an array of objects and load those instead.

# 18th November 2022, 6:43 pm / json, projects, datasette, datasette-lite, cors

Open every CSV file in a GitHub repository in Datasette Lite (via) I built an Observable notebook that accepts a GitHub repository as input, scans it for CSV files and generates a link to open all of those CSV files in Datasette Lite.

# 1st September 2022, 7:24 pm / github, projects, observable, datasette-lite