Simon Willison’s Weblog

Python Developers Survey 2023 Results (via) The seventh annual Python survey is out. Here are the things that caught my eye or that I found surprising:

25% of survey respondents had been programming in Python for less than a year, and 33% had less than a year of professional experience.

37% of Python developers reported contributing to open-source projects last year - a new question for the survey. This is delightfully high!

6% of users are still using Python 2. The survey notes:

Almost half of Python 2 holdouts are under 21 years old and a third are students. Perhaps courses are still using Python 2?

In web frameworks, Flask and Django neck and neck at 33% each, but FastAPI is a close third at 29%! Starlette is at 6%, but that's an under-count because it's the basis for FastAPI.

The most popular library in "other framework and libraries" was BeautifulSoup with 31%, then Pillow 28%, then OpenCV-Python at 22% (wow!) and Pydantic at 22%. Tkinter had 17%. These numbers are all a surprise to me.

pytest scores 52% for unit testing, unittest from the standard library just 25%. I'm glad to see pytest so widely used, it's my favourite testing tool across any programming language.

The top cloud providers are AWS, then Google Cloud Platform, then Azure... but PythonAnywhere (11%) took fourth place just ahead of DigitalOcean (10%). And Alibaba Cloud is a new entrant in sixth place (after Heroku) with 4%. Heroku's ending of its free plan dropped them from 14% in 2021 to 7% now.

Linux and Windows equal at 55%, macOS is at 29%. This was one of many multiple-choice questions that could add up to more than 100%.

In databases, SQLite usage was trending down - 38% in 2021 to 34% for 2023, but still in second place behind PostgreSQL, stable at 43%.

The survey incorporates quotes from different Python experts responding to the numbers, it's worth reading through the whole thing.

# 3rd September 2024, 2:47 am / open-source, postgresql, python, sqlite, surveys, pytest, psf

Upgrading my cookiecutter templates to use python -m pytest. Every now and then I get caught out by weird test failures when I run pytest and it turns out I'm running the wrong installation of that tool, so my tests fail because that pytest is executing in a different virtual environment from the one needed by the tests.

The fix for this is easy: run python -m pytest instead, which guarantees that you will run pytest in the same environment as your currently active Python.

Yesterday I went through and updated every one of my cookiecutter templates (python-lib, click-app, datasette-plugin, sqlite-utils-plugin, llm-plugin) to use this pattern in their READMEs and generated repositories instead, to help spread that better recipe a little bit further.

# 17th August 2024, 5:12 am / projects, python, pytest, cookiecutter

inline-snapshot. I'm a big fan of snapshot testing, where expected values are captured the first time a test suite runs and then asserted against in future runs. It's a very productive way to build a robust test suite.

inline-snapshot by Frank Hoffmann is a particularly neat implementation of the pattern. It defines a snapshot() function which you can use in your tests:

assert 1548 * 18489 == snapshot()

When you run that test using pytest --inline-snapshot=create the snapshot() function will be replaced in your code (using AST manipulation) with itself wrapping the repr() of the expected result:

assert 1548 * 18489 == snapshot(28620972)

If you modify the code and need to update the tests you can run pytest --inline-snapshot=fix to regenerate the recorded snapshot values.

# 16th April 2024, 4:04 pm / python, testing, pytest

pytest-icdiff (via) This is neat: “pip install pytest-icdiff” provides an instant usability upgrade to the output of failed tests in pytest, especially if the assertions involve comparing larger strings or nested JSON objects.

# 3rd June 2023, 4:59 pm / python, testing, pytest

pyfakefs usage (via) New to me pytest fixture library that provides a really easy way to mock Python’s filesystem functions—open(), os.path.listdir() and so on—so a test can run against a fake set of files. This looks incredibly useful.

# 1st February 2023, 10:37 pm / lukeplant, python, testing, pytest

mitsuhiko/insta (via) I asked for recommendations on Twitter for testing libraries in other languages that would give me the same level of delight that I get from pytest. Two people pointed me to insta by Armin Ronacher, a Rust testing framework for “snapshot testing” which automatically records reference values to your repository, so future tests can spot if they change.

# 31st October 2022, 1:06 am / armin-ronacher, testing, rust, pytest

Running C unit tests with pytest (via) Brilliant, detailed tutorial by Gabriele Tornetta on testing C code using pytest, which also doubles up as a ctypes tutorial. There’s a lot of depth here—in addition to exercising C code through ctypes, Gabriele shows how to run each test in a separate process so that segmentation faults don’t fail the entire suite, then adds code to run the compiler as part of the pytest run, and then shows how to use gdb trickery to generate more useful stack traces.

# 12th February 2022, 5:14 pm / c, ctypes, pytest

Blazing fast CI with pytest-split and GitHub Actions (via) pytest-split is a neat looking variant on the pattern of splitting up a test suite to run different parts of it in parallel on different machines. It involves maintaining a periodically updated JSON file in the repo recording the average runtime of different tests, to enable them to be more fairly divided among test runners. Includes a recipe for running as a matrix in GitHub Actions.

# 22nd February 2021, 7:06 pm / testing, pytest, github-actions

parameterized. I love the @parametrize decorator in pytest, which lets you run the same test multiple times against multiple parameters. The only catch is that the decorator in pytest doesn’t work for old-style unittest TestCase tests, which means you can’t easily add it to test suites that were built using the older model. I just found out about parameterized which works with unittest tests whether or not you are running them using the pytest test runner.

# 19th February 2019, 9:05 pm / python, testing, pytest