40 posts tagged “history”
2025
Our local BBQ spot here in El Granada - Breakwater Barbecue - had a soft opening this weekend in their new location.
Here's the new building. They're still working on replacing the sign from the previous restaurant occupant:
It's actually our old railway station! From 1905 to 1920 the Ocean Shore Railroad ran steam trains from San Francisco down through Half Moon Bay most of the way to Santa Cruz, though they never quite connected the two cities.
The restaurant has some photos on the wall of the old railroad. Here's what that same building looked like >100 years ago.
A computer can never be held accountable. This legendary page from an internal IBM training in 1979 could not be more appropriate for our new age of AI.
A computer can never be held accountable
Therefore a computer must never make a management decision
Back in June 2024 I asked on Twitter if anyone had more information on the original source.
Jonty Wareing replied:
It was found by someone going through their father's work documents, and subsequently destroyed in a flood.
I spent some time corresponding with the IBM archives but they can't locate it. Apparently it was common for branch offices to produce things that were not archived.
Here's the reply Jonty got back from IBM:
I believe the image was first shared online in this tweet by @bumblebike in February 2017. Here's where they confirm it was from 1979 internal training.
Here's another tweet from @bumblebike from December 2021 about the flood:
Unfortunately destroyed by flood in 2019 with most of my things. Inquired at the retirees club zoom last week, but there’s almost no one the right age left. Not sure where else to ask.
The leading AI models are now very good historians (via) UC Santa Cruz's Benjamin Breen (previously) explores how the current crop of top tier LLMs - GPT-4o, o1, and Claude Sonnet 3.5 - are proving themselves competent at a variety of different tasks relevant to academic historians.
The vision models are now capable of transcribing and translating scans of historical documents - in this case 16th century Italian cursive handwriting and medical recipes from 1770s Mexico.
Even more interestingly, the o1 reasoning model was able to produce genuinely useful suggestions for historical interpretations against prompts like this one:
Here are some quotes from William James’ complete works, referencing Francis galton and Karl Pearson. What are some ways we can generate new historical knowledge or interpretations on the basis of this? I want a creative, exploratory, freewheeling analysis which explores the topic from a range of different angles and which performs metacognitive reflection on research paths forward based on this, especially from a history of science and history of technology perspectives. end your response with some further self-reflection and self-critique, including fact checking. then provide a summary and ideas for paths forward. What further reading should I do on this topic? And what else jumps out at you as interesting from the perspective of a professional historian?
How good? He followed-up by asking for "the most creative, boundary-pushing, or innovative historical arguments or analyses you can formulate based on the sources I provided" and described the resulting output like this:
The supposedly “boundary-pushing” ideas it generated were all pretty much what a class of grad students would come up with — high level and well-informed, but predictable.
As Benjamin points out, this is somewhat expected: LLMs "are exquisitely well-tuned machines for finding the median viewpoint on a given issue" - something that's already being illustrated by the sameness of work from his undergraduates who are clearly getting assistance from ChatGPT.
I'd be fascinated to hear more from academics outside of the computer science field who are exploring these new tools in a similar level of depth.
Update: Something that's worth emphasizing about this article: all of the use-cases Benjamin describes here involve feeding original source documents to the LLM as part of their input context. I've seen some criticism of this article that assumes he's asking LLMs to answer questions baked into their weights (as this NeurIPS poster demonstrates, even the best models don't have perfect recall of a wide range of historical facts). That's not what he's doing here.
I Live My Life a Quarter Century at a Time (via) Delightful Steve Jobs era Apple story from James Thomson, who built the first working prototype of the macOS Dock.
2024
What happened to the world’s largest tube TV? (via) This YouTube video is an absolute delight.
Shank Mods describes the legendary Sony PVM-4300 - the largest CRT television ever made, released by Sony in 1989 and weighing over 400lb. CRT enthusiasts had long debated its very existence, given the lack of known specimens outside of Sony's old marketing materials. Then Shank tracked a working one down... on the second floor of a 300 year old Soba noodle restaurant in Osaka, Japan.
This story of how they raced to rescue the TV before the restaurant was demolished, given the immense difficulty of moving a 400lb television (and then shipping it to the USA), is a fantastic ride.
1991-WWW-NeXT-Implementation on GitHub. I fell down a bit of a rabbit hole today trying to answer that question about when World Wide Web Day was first celebrated. I found my way to www.w3.org/History/1991-WWW-NeXT/Implementation/ - an Apache directory listing of the source code for Tim Berners-Lee's original WorldWideWeb application for NeXT!
The code wasn't particularly easy to browse: clicking a .m file would trigger a download rather than showing the code in the browser, and there were no niceties like syntax highlighting.
So I decided to mirror that code to a new repository on GitHub. I grabbed the code using wget -r and was delighted to find that the last modified dates (from the early 1990s) were preserved ... which made me want to preserve them in the GitHub repo too.
I used Claude to write a Python script to back-date those commits, and wrote up what I learned in this new TIL: Back-dating Git commits based on file modification dates.
End result: I now have a repo with Tim's original code, plus commit dates that reflect when that code was last modified.
Today’s research challenge: why is August 1st “World Wide Web Day”? Here's a fun mystery. A bunch of publications will tell you that today, August 1st, is "World Wide Web Day"... but where did that idea come from?
It's not an official day marked by any national or international organization. It's not celebrated by CERN or the W3C.
The date August 1st doesn't appear to hold any specific significance in the history of the web. The first website was launched on August 6th 1991.
I posed the following three questions this morning on Mastodon:
- Who first decided that August 1st should be "World Wide Web Day"?
- Why did they pick that date?
- When was the first World Wide Web Day celebrated?
Finding answers to these questions has proven stubbornly difficult. Searches on Google have proven futile, and illustrate the growing impact of LLM-generated slop on the web: they turn up dozens of articles celebrating the day, many from news publications playing the "write about what people might search for" game and many others that have distinctive ChatGPT vibes to them.
One early hint we've found is in the "Bylines 2010 Writer's Desk Calendar" by Snowflake Press, published in January 2009. Jessamyn West spotted that on the book's page in the Internet Archive, but it merely lists "World Wide Web Day" at the bottom of the July calendar page (clearly a printing mistake, the heading is meant to align with August 1st on the next page) without any hint as to the origin:
I found two earlier mentions from August 1st 2008 on Twitter, from @GabeMcCauley and from @iJess.
Our earliest news media reference, spotted by Hugo van Kemenade, is also from August 1st 2008: this opinion piece in the Attleboro Massachusetts Sun Chronicle, which has no byline so presumably was written by the paper's editorial board:
Today is World Wide Web Day, but who cares? We'd rather nap than surf. How about you? Better relax while you can: August presages the start of school, a new season of public meetings, worries about fuel costs, the rundown to the presidential election and local races.
So the mystery remains! Who decided that August 1st should be "World Wide Web Day", why that date and how did it spread so widely without leaving a clear origin story?
If your research skills are up to the challenge, join the challenge!
Ralph Sheldon’s Portrait of Henry VIII Reidentified (via) Here's a delightful two part story on art historian Adam Busiakiewicz's blog. Adam was browsing Twitter when he spotted this tweet by Tim Cox, Lord Lieutenant of Warwickshire, celebrating a reception.
He noticed a curve-framed painting mounted on a wall in the top left of the photo:
Adam had previously researched a similar painting while working at Sotheby's:
Seeing this round topped portrait immediately reminded me of a famous set of likenesses commissioned by the local politician and tapestry maker Ralph Sheldon (c. 1537--1613) for his home Weston House, Warwickshire, during the 1590s. Consisting of twenty-two portraits, mostly images of Kings, Queens and significant contemporary international figures, only a handful are known today.
Adam contacted Warwickshire County Council and was invited to Shire Hall. In his follow-up post he describes his first-hand observations from the visit.
It turns out the painting really was one of those 22 portraits made for tapestry maker Ralph Sheldon in the 1590s, long thought lost. The discovery has now made international news:
Strachey love letter algorithm (via) This is a beautiful piece of computer history. In 1952, Christopher Strachey—a contemporary of Alan Turing—wrote a love letter generation program for a Manchester Mark 1 computer. It produced output like this:
"Darling Sweetheart,
You are my avid fellow feeling. My affection curiously clings to your passionate wish. My liking yearns for your heart. You are my wistful sympathy: my tender liking.
Yours beautifully
M. U. C."
The algorithm simply combined a small set of predefined sentence structures, filled in with random adjectives.
Wikipedia notes that "Strachey wrote about his interest in how “a rather simple trick” can produce an illusion that the computer is thinking, and that “these tricks can lead to quite unexpected and interesting results”.
LLMs, 1952 edition!
The original WWW proposal is a Word for Macintosh 4.0 file from 1990, can we open it? (via) In which John Graham-Cumming attempts to open the original WWW proposal by Tim Berners-Lee, a 68,608 bytes Microsoft Word for Macintosh 4.0 file.
Microsoft Word and Apple Pages fail. OpenOffice gets the text but not the formatting. LibreOffice gets the diagrams too, but the best results come from the Infinite Mac WebAssembly emulator.
2023
We like to assume that automation technology will maintain or increase wage levels for a few skilled supervisors. But in the long-term skilled automation supervisors also tend to earn less.
Here's an example: In 1801 the Jacquard loom was invented, which automated silkweaving with punchcards. Around 1800, a manual weaver could earn 30 shillings/week. By the 1830s the same weaver would only earn around 5s/week. A Jacquard operator earned 15s/week, but he was also 12x more productive.
The Jacquard operator upskilled and became an automation supervisor, but their wage still dropped. For manual weavers the wages dropped even more. If we believe assistive AI will deliver unseen productivity gains, we can assume that wage erosion will also be unprecedented.
DAK and the Golden Age of Gadget Catalogs (via) A must-read from Cabel Sasser, describing his ten year project to collect and digitize copies of the DAK gadget catalog, from 1972 to 1994.
Translating Latin demonology manuals with GPT-4 and Claude (via) UC Santa Cruz history professor Benjamin Breen puts LLMs to work on historical texts. They do an impressive job of translating flaky OCRd text from 1599 Latin and 1707 Portuguese.
“It’s not about getting the AI to replace you. Instead, it’s asking the AI to act as a kind of polymathic research assistant to supply you with leads.”
Leicester balloon riot (via) In 1864 a test flight of a new hydrogen balloon in Leicester’s Victoria Park attracted 50,000 spectators, and ended in a riot that destroyed the balloon. “Early in the afternoon there was a disturbance when a gentleman, claiming to be an aeronaut, announced that Britannia was not Coxwell’s newest and biggest balloon but an older model. This enraged the crowd who, shortly after 2pm, broke down the barrier and demanded that Coxwell take off immediately.”
2022
[history] When I tried this in 1996 (via) “I removed the GIL back in 1996 from Python 1.4...” is the start of a fascinating (supportive) comment by Greg Stein on the promising nogil Python fork that Sam Gross has been putting together. Greg provides some historical context that I’d never heard before, relating to an embedded Python for Microsoft IIS.
2021
The Tyranny of Spreadsheets (via) In discussing the notorious Excel incident last year when the UK lost track of 16,000 Covid cases due to a .xls row limit, Tim Harford presents a history of the spreadsheet, dating all the way back to Francesco di Marco Datini and double-entry bookkeeping in 1396. A delightful piece of writing.
The Digital Antiquarian: Sam and Max Hit the Road. Delightful history and retrospective review of 1993’s Sam and Max Hit the Road. I didn’t know Sam and Max happened because the independent comic’s creator worked for LucasArts and the duo had embedded themselves in LucasArts culture through their use in the internal educational materials prepared for SCUMM University.
2017
Elaborate Halloween Costume Tips from a 19th-Century Guide to Fancy Dress (via) The gilded age had some ridiculous parties. Here are highlights of the most popular costume guide of the era, now available on the Internet Archive.
2011
Desk Depot. We picked up some chairs from here the other day—it’s a fascinating place, essentially an entire history of Silicon Valley told through second-hand furniture.
2010
What is the history of Django? I’ve been playing with Quora—it’s a really neat twist on the question-and-answer format, which makes great use of friends, followers and topics and has some very neat live update stuff going on (using Comet on top of Tornado). I just posted quite a long answer to a question about the history of Django.
Plugging the CSS History Leak (via) Firefox is fixing the nefarious CSS visited link colour history leak flaw, which currently affects all browsers and allows a malicious site to determine if you have visited a specific site by checking getComputedStyle against a link to that page. It’s an obtrusive but necessary fix—visited link styles will be restricted to colour and border styles (no background images and hence no more checkbox effects since the image request could leak information) and those colours will not be reported via getComputedStyle. I hope other browser vendors follow suit.
Vintage Ad Browser. Fantastic. 100,000+ vintage advertisements scanned and organised by date and topic, going all the way back to the 1840s and covering every decade in between. An absolute gold mine.
2009
Notes from the No Lone Zone. A computer scientist with a background in cryptography visits a Titan II ICBM launch complex.
“I made the first animated under construction icon”. twoleftfeet on MetaFilter describes how he created the first ever Under Construction animation in 1995, after discovering his server-push animations could be replaced by the exciting new animated GIF.
Micro Men. “Affectionately comic drama about the British home computer boom of the early 1980s.”—aired last night, and on BBC iPlayer for the next week. I thought it was absolutely charming, as well as being a thought provoking history of the rise and fall of the British computer industry in the early 80s.
History of Django’s popularity. “What sequence of events made Django the most popular Python web framework?”—insightful answers from Alex Martelli and James Bennett.
Slouching towards Bethlehem. Photos of the various installations that contributed to the construction of the first atom bomb.
Making the HTML5 time element safe for historians. PPK presents a detailed history of dates and calendars and points out that the HTML5 time element is ill prepared to faithfully represent the kind of dates historians are interested in.
Almost Perfect (via) W. E. Peterson’s book on the rise and fall of WordPerfect Corporation, originally published in 1994 and now available for free online.
The History of Python (via) “A series of articles on the history of the Python programming language and its community”, being compiled by Guido plus guest authors.